Distribution

Black-capped Petrel is a critically rare and local breeder in the Caribbean, with populations known to nest in Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Birds disperse over the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and western North Atlantic. Historical distributions are described in detail in Simons et al. (5 Simons, T. R., D. S. Lee, and J. C. Haney (2013). Diablotin Pterodroma hasitata: a biography of the endangered Black-capped Petrel. Marine Ornithology 41:S3–S43. Close ). The current breeding distribution is described in details in Wheeler et al. (2 Wheeler, J., Y. Satgé, A. Brown, J. Goetz, B. Keitt, H. Nevins, and E. Rupp (2021). Black-capped Petrel Conservation Update and Action Plan: Conserving the Diablotin. International Black-capped Petrel Conservation Group. Close ). Here we provide a summary of Simons et al. (5 Simons, T. R., D. S. Lee, and J. C. Haney (2013). Diablotin Pterodroma hasitata: a biography of the endangered Black-capped Petrel. Marine Ornithology 41:S3–S43. Close ) and Wheeler et al. (2 Wheeler, J., Y. Satgé, A. Brown, J. Goetz, B. Keitt, H. Nevins, and E. Rupp (2021). Black-capped Petrel Conservation Update and Action Plan: Conserving the Diablotin. International Black-capped Petrel Conservation Group. Close ), and any other relevant information.

Breeding Range

Terrestrial Range

Nesting is confirmed on Hispaniola only. Nest numbers provided as of October 2020. Detailed accounts of nesting areas can be found in "Appendix 2: Sites Profiles" of the 2021 Conservation Update and Action Plan (2 Wheeler, J., Y. Satgé, A. Brown, J. Goetz, B. Keitt, H. Nevins, and E. Rupp (2021). Black-capped Petrel Conservation Update and Action Plan: Conserving the Diablotin. International Black-capped Petrel Conservation Group. Close ).

In Haiti, most nests have been found on La Visite escarpment (La Visite National Park; n = 42) and in Morne Vincent (Forêt des Pins I National Park; n = 17), both located in the Massif de la Selle mountain range. In May 2022, two active nests were found on Pic de la Selle (Environmental Protection in the Caribbean, 2022). Nesting is probable on Pic Macaya and Pic Formon of Massif de la Hotte, on the remainder of the La Visite escarpment (no nests have been located but groundings, acoustic evidence, and/or detections by radar highly suggest that breeding activity is occurring).

In the Dominican Republic, nests have been found in western (Loma del Toro; n = 28) and eastern Sierra de Bahoruco (Loma Quemada; n = 7), both in Sierra de Bahoruco National Park, and in the southeastern Cordillera Central (Valle Nuevo National Park; n = 11).

In Dominica, nesting has not yet been confirmed, but the groundings of two petrels in 2007 and 2010 and the detection by radar of petrel-like targets (43 Brown, A. (2015). Radar surveys for the endangered Black-capped Petrel on Dominica, West Indies. Report to the Dominica Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Parks Division, Dominica. Unpublished report. Environmental Protection in the Caribbean, Green Cove Springs, FL, USA. Close , 44 Brown, A. (2020). Radar surveys for Black-capped Petrels on Dominica: results from an expedition during January and February 2020. Unpublished report. Environmental Protection in the Caribbean, Green Cove Springs, FL, USA. Close ) suggest that nesting is probable (most likely on the high forested peaks of Morne Diablotins and Morne Trois Pitons). In January 2022, a petrel was observed at night, flying away from Morne Micotrin, near Morne Trois Pitons (45 Satgé, Y. G., and G. Millischer (2022). Thermal surveys for the Diablotin Black-capped Petrel on Dominica: Results from an expedition during January and February 2022. Unpublished report. Environmental Protection in the Caribbean, Green Cove Springs, FL, USA. Close ).

In Cuba, records of petrels rafting on the sea near the coast and/or heard or observed flying inland towards the steep mountainsides (46 Farnsworth, A., D. F. Stotz, and L. O. Melian (2005). Birds. In Cuba: Parque Nacional La Bayamesa. Rapid Inventory 13 (D. Maceira, A. G. Fong, W. S. Alverson, and T. Wachter, Editors), The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USA. Close , 47 Plasencia León, C., Y. Segovia Vega, N. Viña Dávila, and F. Rodríguez Santana (2020). Informe sobre expedición para comprobar la presencia del Pájaro de la Bruja (Pterodroma hasitata) en la localidad de la Bruja, Santiago de Cuba. Unpublished report from Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad (BIOECO), Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. Close , 48 Plasencia León, C., N. Viña Dávila, J. Ramón Fuentes, L. Sánchez, F. Álvarez, A. Mustelier, Y. Barrientos, and A. Viña (2022). Informe sobre expedición para comprobar la presencia del Pájaro de la Bruja (Pterodroma hasitata) en la localidad de la Bruja, Santiago de Cuba. Unpublished report from Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad (BIOECO), Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. Close ; Pointon, eBird) suggest that nesting is probable in the Sierra Maestra of southeastern Cuba (most likely in the areas of Pico Turquino and Pico la Bayamesa), though definitive evidence has yet to be acquired.

In Guadeloupe, although automated acoustic surveys have so far failed to record calling petrels (49 Chabrolle, A. (2017). A la redécouverte du Pétrel diablotin (Pterodroma hasitata) nicheur en Guadeloupe. Juin 2016 à juillet 2017. Rapport AEVA n° 43, rapport AMAZONA n° 48, septembre 2017. Close ), nesting is suspected based on radar surveys (50 Brown, A. (2020). Radar surveys for Black-capped Petrels on Guadeloupe: results from an expedition during January 2020. Unpublished report. Environmental Protection in the Caribbean, Green Cove Springs, FL, USA. Close ) and audiovisual observations (51 Chabrolle A., A. Brown, and C. Pavis (2020). A la recherche du Pétrel Diablotin (Pterodroma hasitata) en Guadeloupe en 2020, à l'aide de la technologie radar. Association des Mateurs Amicaux des Z’Oiseaux et de la Nature aux Antilles (AMAZONA) - Association pour l'Etude et la protection des Vertébrés et végétaux des petites Antilles (AEVA), Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe. Rapport AMAZONA n°67, Rapport AEVA 46: septembre 2020. Close ).

In Jamaica, nesting is suspected based on a few radar detections (52 Brown, A. (2016). Radar surveys for petrels in Jamaica: results from an expedition during March 2016. Report to the National Environment and Planning Agency, Jamaica. Unpublished report. Environmental Protection in the Caribbean, Green Cove Springs, FL, USA. Close ).

Marine Range

At sea, Black-capped Petrel occurs year-round in the western North Atlantic and is regularly present in the adjacent basins of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. This range is mostly limited to tropical and subtropical waters from 10°N to 40°N and 80°W to 65°W, and is relatively confined and discrete within these bounds. It is very rarely observed above 40°N, but forays into Canadian waters have been recorded as far north as 43°N in petrels tracked by satellite (12 Satgé, Y. G., B. S. Keitt, C. P. Gaskin, J. B. Patteson, and P. G. R. Jodice (2023). Spatial segregation between phenotypes of the diablotin black-capped petrel Pterodroma hasitata during the non-breeding period. Endangered Species Research 51:183-201. Close ). It is a casual visitor to areas east of 65°W, with 16 records between 1850–2022 (Table 1). The southern extent of the range is not as well understood. Putative records from the South Atlantic lack strong documentation; in particular, a record off Brazil (53 American Ornithologist’s Union (1983). The AOU Check-list of North American Birds, 6th Edition. American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C., USA. Close ) now appears unsubstantiated (5 Simons, T. R., D. S. Lee, and J. C. Haney (2013). Diablotin Pterodroma hasitata: a biography of the endangered Black-capped Petrel. Marine Ornithology 41:S3–S43. Close ). Despite some observation effort in the western tropical Atlantic, the most southerly observations in the Atlantic are confined to coastal waters of the Lesser Antilles (54 Levesque, A., and P. Yésou (2018). Black-capped Petrel (Pterodroma hasitata) occurrence near Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles, 2001–2008. The Journal of Caribbean Ornithology 31:20–22. Close , 55 Leopold, M. F., S. C. Geelhoed, M. Scheidat, J. Cremer, A. O. Debrot, and R. Van Halewijn (2019). A review of records of the Black-capped Petrel Pterodroma hasitata in the Caribbean Sea. Marine Ornithology 47:235–241. Close ), except for one sighting 450 mi east of Barbados (Johnston, eBird). Seabird surveys conducted off Guyana between fall 2017 and summer 2019 (77 days total) did not record Black-capped Petrel (J. Tims, personal communication).

Atlantic. The primary range includes neritic Gulf Stream waters and pelagic waters from Cape Canaveral, Florida, US in the south (ca. 28.5°N), to New Jersey, US in the north (ca. 38°N). The range extends eastward from the outer continental shelf to ca. 74°W. The core range is concentrated along the outer continental shelf offshore Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, US. Starting in the late 1970s, numerous observations have been recorded at sea in US waters; to date, more than 5,500 records have been confirmed (56 Sussman, A., and U.S. Geological Survey (2014). Atlantic Offshore Seabird Dataset Catalog, Atlantic Coast and Outer Continental Shelf, from 1938-01-01 to 2013-12-31 (NCEI Accession 0115356). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. Close ). Black-capped Petrel is scarce in the Sargasso Sea; satellite-tracked petrels do not regularly venture into the area, and only a few historical and contemporary observations have been recorded there, on, or around Bermuda. Petrels are present in all seasons in the Atlantic, but more common in late summer and fall (5 Simons, T. R., D. S. Lee, and J. C. Haney (2013). Diablotin Pterodroma hasitata: a biography of the endangered Black-capped Petrel. Marine Ornithology 41:S3–S43. Close ).

Winship et al. (57 Winship, A. J., B. P. Kinlan, T. P. White, J. B. Leirness, and J. Christensen (2018). Modeling At-Sea Density of Marine Birds to Support Atlantic Marine Renewable Energy Planning. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Office of Renewable Energy Programs, Sterling, VA. OCS Study BOEM Final Report 2018-010. Close ) modeled the distribution of Black-capped Petrel along the US outer continental shelf; using data from at-sea surveys compiled in Sussman and U.S. Geological Survey (56 Sussman, A., and U.S. Geological Survey (2014). Atlantic Offshore Seabird Dataset Catalog, Atlantic Coast and Outer Continental Shelf, from 1938-01-01 to 2013-12-31 (NCEI Accession 0115356). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. Close ), they compared the relative density of the species to multiple spatial and temporal predictor variables and developed seasonal maps of its spatial distribution. Resulting models show a distribution that is limited to a band of pelagic waters along the outer continental shelf in the US Exclusive Economic Zone, with seasonal hotspots offshore the South Atlantic Bight (spring, summer, and winter) and offshore the Outer Banks of North Carolina (summer, fall, and winter).

Caribbean. Knowledge of Black-capped Petrel distribution in the region is based on tracking data of few individuals (n = 6; 24 Jodice, P. G. R, R. A. Ronconi, E. Rupp, G. E. Wallace, and Y. Satgé (2015). First satellite tracks of the Endangered black-capped petrel. Endangered Species Research 26:23–33. Close , 16 Satgé, Y. G., E. Rupp, and P. G. R. Jodice (2019). A preliminary report of ongoing research of the ecology of Black-capped Petrel (Pterodroma hasitata) in Sierra de Bahoruco, Dominican Republic – I: GPS tracking of breeding adults. Clemson, South Carolina, USA: South Carolina Cooperative Research Unit, Clemson University. Close ) and limited at-sea observation (fewer than 100 observation records since 1953; summarized in 55 Leopold, M. F., S. C. Geelhoed, M. Scheidat, J. Cremer, A. O. Debrot, and R. Van Halewijn (2019). A review of records of the Black-capped Petrel Pterodroma hasitata in the Caribbean Sea. Marine Ornithology 47:235–241. Close ). The primary range appears to be confined to the central Caribbean Sea between 67°W and 77°W, with repeated use of the Guajira upwelling off Colombia and Venezuela, and mixed waters between Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola. Our understanding for the rest of the Caribbean Basin is incomplete. Records are scattered in the western Caribbean Sea, in particular in the Darien Gulf off Panama and Colombia. In the eastern Caribbean Sea, repeated observations off Guadeloupe and other at-sea observations in the area suggest a regular presence (consistent with probable nesting on Dominica and with suspected nesting in Guadeloupe)(54 Levesque, A., and P. Yésou (2018). Black-capped Petrel (Pterodroma hasitata) occurrence near Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles, 2001–2008. The Journal of Caribbean Ornithology 31:20–22. Close ). Black-capped Petrel has been observed in all seasons in the area (55 Leopold, M. F., S. C. Geelhoed, M. Scheidat, J. Cremer, A. O. Debrot, and R. Van Halewijn (2019). A review of records of the Black-capped Petrel Pterodroma hasitata in the Caribbean Sea. Marine Ornithology 47:235–241. Close ).

Gulf of Mexico. Rarely recorded (9 records between 1900–1990) until systematic seabird surveys were organized in 2010–2011 and 2017–2019. Since then, about 40 additional observations have been recorded (23 Jodice P. G. R., P. E. Michael, J. S. Gleason, J. C. Haney, and Y. G. Satgé (2021). Revising the marine range of the endangered black capped petrel Pterodroma hasitata: occurrence in the northern Gulf of Mexico and exposure to conservation threats. Endangered Species Research 46:49–65. Close ). Petrel observations are more regular in the eastern Gulf, along the continental shelf and slope, from the Florida Keys in the southeast to De Soto Valley in the northwest. The age, breeding status, and origin of birds using the Gulf of Mexico are unclear. Most observations occurred at the outset of the breeding season (end of July to September; 23 Jodice P. G. R., P. E. Michael, J. S. Gleason, J. C. Haney, and Y. G. Satgé (2021). Revising the marine range of the endangered black capped petrel Pterodroma hasitata: occurrence in the northern Gulf of Mexico and exposure to conservation threats. Endangered Species Research 46:49–65. Close ).

Breeding Black-capped Petrels were historically assumed to commute to Gulf Stream waters off the US coast (5 Simons, T. R., D. S. Lee, and J. C. Haney (2013). Diablotin Pterodroma hasitata: a biography of the endangered Black-capped Petrel. Marine Ornithology 41:S3–S43. Close ). Recent racking of chick-rearing petrels nesting on Hispaniola, however, seems to partly challenge this assumption. Indeed, of 16 foraging trips made by six tracked petrels in Jodice et al. (24 Jodice, P. G. R, R. A. Ronconi, E. Rupp, G. E. Wallace, and Y. Satgé (2015). First satellite tracks of the Endangered black-capped petrel. Endangered Species Research 26:23–33. Close ) and Satgé et al. (16 Satgé, Y. G., E. Rupp, and P. G. R. Jodice (2019). A preliminary report of ongoing research of the ecology of Black-capped Petrel (Pterodroma hasitata) in Sierra de Bahoruco, Dominican Republic – I: GPS tracking of breeding adults. Clemson, South Carolina, USA: South Carolina Cooperative Research Unit, Clemson University. Close ), 10 were to upwelling waters off the Guajira peninsula; 3 were to mixed waters between Jamaica, Haiti, and Cuba; 1 was to the western Caribbean; and 2 to Gulf Stream waters. This suggests that, although breeding petrels may forage in the western North Atlantic, they are more likely to stay within the bounds of the Caribbean Sea during chick-rearing. Information during incubation is lacking.

Pelagic observations and satellite tracking suggest that dark and light forms have distinct distributions at sea in the western North Atlantic (12 Satgé, Y. G., B. S. Keitt, C. P. Gaskin, J. B. Patteson, and P. G. R. Jodice (2023). Spatial segregation between phenotypes of the diablotin black-capped petrel Pterodroma hasitata during the non-breeding period. Endangered Species Research 51:183-201. Close ). The dark form seems more common in Gulf Stream waters off the southeastern US, and appears concentrated within an approximate 200-km strip of waters extending eastward from the continental shelf into the Gulf Stream. The light form seems more common in mixed pelagic waters of the Middle Atlantic Bight, extending over a wider area between the continental shelf and the northern edge of the Gulf Stream (12 Satgé, Y. G., B. S. Keitt, C. P. Gaskin, J. B. Patteson, and P. G. R. Jodice (2023). Spatial segregation between phenotypes of the diablotin black-capped petrel Pterodroma hasitata during the non-breeding period. Endangered Species Research 51:183-201. Close ).

Prehistoric and historic records suggest that Black-capped Petrel nested on at least five islands in the Caribbean (Jamaica, Hispaniola, Guadeloupe, Dominica, and Martinique), and possibly on Cuba.

Cuba

There are no records of the occurrence of the species on or around Cuba before the mid-1970s (5 Simons, T. R., D. S. Lee, and J. C. Haney (2013). Diablotin Pterodroma hasitata: a biography of the endangered Black-capped Petrel. Marine Ornithology 41:S3–S43. Close ). In 1977, adults were collected at sea off a point of land called “La Bruja” in the Sierra Maestra, presumably near a breeding colony (58 Bond, J. (1978). Twenty-second supplement to the check-list of birds of the West Indies (1956). Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Close ). Nesting sites still remain to be located.

Jamaica

A report by Verrill (59 Verrill, A. H. (1905). Addition to the avifauna of Dominica. Notes on species hitherto unrecorded with descriptions of three new species and a list of all birds now known to occur on the island. Barbados: privately published. Close ) of the occurrence of both Black-capped Petrel and Jamaican Petrel on Jamaica exists, but cannot be substantiated. No other historical records of Black-capped Petrel exist for Jamaica, though the darker and smaller Jamaican Petrel (now considered extinct) was recorded, and specimens were collected, until the mid-1800s (5 Simons, T. R., D. S. Lee, and J. C. Haney (2013). Diablotin Pterodroma hasitata: a biography of the endangered Black-capped Petrel. Marine Ornithology 41:S3–S43. Close ). Simons et al. (5 Simons, T. R., D. S. Lee, and J. C. Haney (2013). Diablotin Pterodroma hasitata: a biography of the endangered Black-capped Petrel. Marine Ornithology 41:S3–S43. Close ) add: “As small islands in the Indian Ocean and in the southern and western North Atlantic support more than one breeding species of Pterodroma, it is reasonable to think that this was also the case in the West Indies.”

Haiti

Pre-Columbian remains encountered between 1,760 m and 2,060 m above sea level in Massif de la Selle suggest a possible prehistoric distribution in other mountainous areas on Hispaniola. However, no information seems to exist on Black-capped Petrel presence in Haiti in historic times, even during colonization (5 Simons, T. R., D. S. Lee, and J. C. Haney (2013). Diablotin Pterodroma hasitata: a biography of the endangered Black-capped Petrel. Marine Ornithology 41:S3–S43. Close ). The earliest account dates from 30 June 1938, with the grounding of a fledging bird in Port-au-Prince. The rediscovery by Wingate (21 Wingate, D. B. (1964). Discovery of breeding Black-capped Petrels on Hispaniola. Auk 81(2):147–159. Close ) of breeding activity in Massif de la Selle prompted further searches that are still ongoing throughout the country.

Dominican Republic

Little historic information is available. Bones found in prehistoric middens in Haiti suggest that the species may have been present in similar habitats in the Dominican Republican part of Hispaniola as well. The earliest historic records are from two accounts of stranding reported near the coast and inland in 1920 and 1928 respectively (60 Collar, N. J., L. P. Gonzaga, N. Krabbe, A. Madroño Nieto, L. G. Naranjo, T. A. Parker, and D. C. Wege (1992). Threatened Birds of the Americas. The ICBP/IUCN Red Data Book. Part 2. 3rd Edition. ICBP, Cambridge, UK. Close ). The presence of a small nesting population was confirmed in 1981 in western Sierra de Bahoruco, near the border with Haiti (60 Collar, N. J., L. P. Gonzaga, N. Krabbe, A. Madroño Nieto, L. G. Naranjo, T. A. Parker, and D. C. Wege (1992). Threatened Birds of the Americas. The ICBP/IUCN Red Data Book. Part 2. 3rd Edition. ICBP, Cambridge, UK. Close ); the colony was relocated in 1996 (61 Williams, R. S. R., G. M. Kirwan, and C. G. Bradshaw (1996). The status of the Black-capped Petrel Pterodroma hasitata in the Dominican Republic. Cotinga 6:29–30. Close ). Since then, small scattered groups of nesting petrels have been located in the eastern Sierra de Bahoruco and in the southern Cordillera Central, thus suggesting that, in prehistoric times, the species may have been distributed across the island of Hispaniola.

Guadeloupe

Nesting Black-capped Petrels disappeared from the island around 1850, following hunting and the introduction of predators. The species nested on Soufrière Mountain in the 1800s and, as late as the 1890s, it was reported to be nesting as low as 500 m above sea level (62 Lawrence, G. N. (1891). Description of a new species of Cypselidae of the genus Chaetura, with a note on the Diablotin. Auk 8:59–62. Close ). In 1847, an earthquake caused the collapse of a side of Nez Cassé ridge, near la Soufrière, effectively destroying the remaining colony there. It is suspected that a small nesting population still remains on the island; unidentified flying and calling Procellariiformes were recorded in December 1991 at dusk on a ridge below Pic de la Soufrière (Lorvelec cited in 51 Chabrolle A., A. Brown, and C. Pavis (2020). A la recherche du Pétrel Diablotin (Pterodroma hasitata) en Guadeloupe en 2020, à l'aide de la technologie radar. Association des Mateurs Amicaux des Z’Oiseaux et de la Nature aux Antilles (AMAZONA) - Association pour l'Etude et la protection des Vertébrés et végétaux des petites Antilles (AEVA), Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe. Rapport AMAZONA n°67, Rapport AEVA 46: septembre 2020. Close ), but systematic acoustic surveys failed to detect the species in recent years (49 Chabrolle, A. (2017). A la redécouverte du Pétrel diablotin (Pterodroma hasitata) nicheur en Guadeloupe. Juin 2016 à juillet 2017. Rapport AEVA n° 43, rapport AMAZONA n° 48, septembre 2017. Close ).

Dominica

The species was numerous and well known on Dominica in the early 1800s; historically, the largest portion of the population may have nested there (5 Simons, T. R., D. S. Lee, and J. C. Haney (2013). Diablotin Pterodroma hasitata: a biography of the endangered Black-capped Petrel. Marine Ornithology 41:S3–S43. Close ). Black-capped Petrels were abundant and widespread on the island until at least 1858 (63 Murphy, R. C. (1936). Oceanic Birds of South America. Volume 2. American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA. Close ), and the last confirmed date of nesting is 1862 (64 Smith, G.P. (1959). Bulletin of the Jourdain Society 50:11–12. Close ). Localized searches in the early 1900s failed to locate nesting sites. Petrels were collected on the island in 1932, but an expedition in October/November of 1964 found no evidence of nesting petrels (21 Wingate, D. B. (1964). Discovery of breeding Black-capped Petrels on Hispaniola. Auk 81(2):147–159. Close ). In the 1970’s to 1990’s, expeditions in Dominica’s forests encountered Black-capped Petrels calling or flying (65 Evans, P. G. H. (1991). Status and conservation of Imperial and Red-necked Parrots Amazona imperialis and A. arausiaca on Dominica. Bird Conservation International 1(1):11–32. Close ). In 1977, petrels were heard calling near Morne Diablotin; in 1980, birds were heard in the southern parts of island; in 1982, small numbers were observed along southeast coast and flying inland after dark; in 1984, a flock was seen offshore of Delices in April; in 1989, bird were observed flying off the coast near Morne Fous and potentially coming ashore; in 1990, an adult bird was found grounded in Roseau; and 1997, birds were observed flying over Morne Verte (66 Evans, P., and A. James (1997). A Guide to Birdwatching on Dominica. Dominica Nature Island of the Caribbean Series. Vol 3. Close ).

Martinique

Black-capped Petrel was extirpated on Martinique in pre-Columbian times by the indigenous Carib, who used the bird as a source of food (5 Simons, T. R., D. S. Lee, and J. C. Haney (2013). Diablotin Pterodroma hasitata: a biography of the endangered Black-capped Petrel. Marine Ornithology 41:S3–S43. Close ). The species has not been recorded on the island since.