- Red-crowned Ant-Tanager
 - Red-crowned Ant-Tanager
+7
 - Red-crowned Ant-Tanager (Red)
Watch
 - Red-crowned Ant-Tanager (Northern)
Listen

Red-crowned Ant-Tanager Habia rubica Scientific name definitions

Steven Hilty
Version: 1.0 — Published March 4, 2020
Text last updated January 1, 2011

Sign in to see your badges

Field Identification

17–19 cm; male 27·7–42·9 g, female 22·5–37 g. Mostly brownish-red ant-tanager with strong bill and no obvious crest. Male nominate race is mainly dull brownish-red above, with partly hidden scarlet crown patch bordered narrowly by incon­spicuous black line (crown patch usually shows as narrow medial stripe, and often incon­spicuous, but can be raised); upperwing-coverts dull red, primary coverts blackish, narrowed edged red, flight-feathers dusky, inner half of primaries and most of secondaries edged dull red, tertials and tail mostly dull red; paler red below, throat (and sometimes chest) contrastingly brighter red, flanks tinged grey; iris dark brown; bill dusky above, generally paler below; legs dark grey. Female is similar to male but duller, olive-brown above, with brownish-yellow median crown patch; underparts paler than above. Juvenile is generally sooty olive-brown, paler below, and palest on throat; soon acquires immature plumage, which is much like female; adult male plumage gained in about one year. Races differ mainly in brightness of plumage above and below: bahiae rather similar to nominate, with red of breast somewhat less extensive; perijana is relatively dark, morocco-red above with scarlet crest, throat coral-red, breast dull scarlet, becoming rose-pink on lower underparts and tinged brick-red on flanks; coccinea has brightest red (scarlet) throat, blood-red breast and pale jasper-red underparts, generally redder above (although tinged brownish) and with more scarlet crest than other races; crissalis resembles previous (has throat deep red), but posterior underparts paler and pinker; rubra is duller and with red areas less scarlet than last; mesopotamia is paler than nominate, abdominal area greyish, undertail-coverts more salmon-pink (less rose-pink), dark margins of red crown patch less well marked or even absent, and bill paler, upper mandible brown (rather than blackish); rhodinolaema has rosy-red throat, and breast and belly washed grey; rosea is palest, with upperparts pinkish-red and underparts pale pinkish-red; affinis and nelsoni resemble last; holobrunnea darker above than nominate, slightly paler and redder below; hesterna slightly smaller than nominate and generally paler, especially on underparts; rubicoides is darker, with upperparts dull dark red, and red throat contrasting slightly with dusky red underparts; vinacea and alfaroana resemble preceding race.

Systematics History

Editor's Note: This article requires further editing work to merge existing content into the appropriate Subspecies sections. Please bear with us while this update takes place.

Nominate race and bahiae geographically isolated from (and larger and darker than) all other races, in SE Brazil, and thought in HBW possibly to represent a separate species, while a recent phylogeographic analysis based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers that also took into account differences in song and, to a lesser extent, in plumage coloration suggested that as many as three species might be involved, the rubra group over the rest of South America and rubicoides in Middle America, as well as the nominate (1). However, differences between the racial groups are not always clear-cut or pronounced. Several of the numerous races are weakly differentiated and seem barely worth recognizing. Seventeen subspecies recognized.

Subspecies


EBIRD GROUP (POLYTYPIC)

Red-crowned Ant-Tanager (Northern) Habia rubica [rubicoides Group]


SUBSPECIES

Habia rubica holobrunnea Scientific name definitions

Distribution
E Mexico from S Tamaulipas S to N Oaxaca.

SUBSPECIES

Habia rubica rosea Scientific name definitions

Distribution
Pacific slope of SW Mexico from Nayarit and Jalisco S to Guerrero.

SUBSPECIES

Habia rubica affinis Scientific name definitions

Distribution
SW Oaxaca (S Mexico).

SUBSPECIES

Habia rubica nelsoni Scientific name definitions

Distribution
SE Mexico (Yucatán Peninsula).

SUBSPECIES

Habia rubica rubicoides Scientific name definitions

Distribution
S Mexico (from Puebla, E Oaxaca, Tabasco and Chiapas), Guatemala and Belize S to Honduras, El Salvador and Nicaragua.

SUBSPECIES

Habia rubica alfaroana Scientific name definitions

Distribution
NW Costa Rica (Guanacaste).

SUBSPECIES

Habia rubica vinacea Scientific name definitions

Distribution
Pacific slope of Costa Rica (S from Nicoya Peninsula) and Panama (E to Darién).

EBIRD GROUP (POLYTYPIC)

Red-crowned Ant-Tanager (Scarlet-throated) Habia rubica [rubra Group]


SUBSPECIES

Habia rubica rubra Scientific name definitions

Distribution
Trinidad.

SUBSPECIES

Habia rubica crissalis Scientific name definitions

Distribution
NE Venezuela (mountains of Anzoátegui and Sucre).

SUBSPECIES

Habia rubica mesopotamia Scientific name definitions

Distribution
E Venezuela (R Yuruán region of E Bolívar).

SUBSPECIES

Habia rubica perijana Scientific name definitions

Distribution
Sierra de Perijá region of Venezuela–Colombia.

SUBSPECIES

Habia rubica coccinea Scientific name definitions

Distribution
base of Andes in W Venezuela (S from Lara) and adjacent NC Colombia (Norte de Santander, NE Boyacá, W Casanare); also recorded in NW Colombia (Córdoba).

SUBSPECIES

Habia rubica rhodinolaema Scientific name definitions

Distribution
Colombia E of Andes (from Meta S to Caquetá), E Ecuador, NE Peru and NW Brazil.

SUBSPECIES

Habia rubica peruviana Scientific name definitions

Distribution
E Peru, W Brazil and N Bolivia (S to Santa Cruz).

SUBSPECIES

Habia rubica hesterna Scientific name definitions

Distribution
C Brazil S of R Amazon (E to R Xingu, S to N Mato Grosso).

EBIRD GROUP (POLYTYPIC)

Red-crowned Ant-Tanager (Red) Habia rubica rubica/bahiae

Available illustrations of subspecies in this group

SUBSPECIES

Habia rubica bahiae Scientific name definitions

Distribution
NE and CE Brazil (Alagoas; SE Bahia).

SUBSPECIES

Habia rubica rubica Scientific name definitions

Distribution
SE Brazil (from S Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo S to Rio Grande do Sul), E Paraguay and NE Argentina (Misiones).

Distribution

Editor's Note: Additional distribution information for this taxon can be found in the 'Subspecies' article above. In the future we will develop a range-wide distribution article.

Habitat

Leafy undergrowth and lower levels of humid terra firme forest and tall second growth; also várzea and transitional forest in Amazonia. Occurs almost exclusively in forest interior, infrequently along river edges or forest borders. Lowlands to 1500 m in El Salvador; to c. 1200 m in Costa Rica and to 2250 m in Panama; to 1400 m in Venezuela, 500 m in Colombia, 600–700 m in Ecuador and c. 900 m in Peru.

Movement

Resident.

Diet and Foraging

Food primarily arthropods; small amount of fruit, including Miconia and Solanum berries. Of 24 stomachs examined, two contained only vegetable matter and 18 only animal matter and four contained both; contents included weevils (Curculionidae) and other beetles (Coleoptera), ants (Formicidae), caterpillars, millipedes (Diplopoda), mantises (Mantodea), snails (Gastropoda), berries and fruit. Nestling diet larvae and mature insects, some so large that young have difficulty in swallowing them. Lives in pairs and small family groups, and sometimes joined by other species, but typically wary and difficult to see. In N Central America may defend a common territory with Tawny-crowned Greenlet (Hylophilus ochraceiceps), the two species forming core of small mixed-species flocks; foraging territory in Belize c. 4–5 ha, and family-members may forage together along territorial boundaries when not breeding. In Amazonia, associates with a few other species in small understorey flocks and travels independently of them about equally. Follows army-ant swarms in Central America and Trinidad, but faithfulness to swarms varies; in Amazonia seldom follows army ants, but regularly reported at swarms in SE Brazil (Espírito Santo). Forages from near ground to c. 10 m up, infrequently higher. Mean foraging height in SE Peru was c. 3·6 m. Forages by hopping in foliage, or occasionally leaping or fluttering and lunging for prey, which it picks off twigs and foliage or captures in chasing manoeuvres. Rarely, captures prey by sallying. May hover or cling momentarily beneath a leaf or other substrate to capture an insect, and regularly searches hanging dead leaves. In Trinidad forages mostly on branches and twigs. May take fruit while perched or in short fluttering sally, and occasionally takes fallen fruit from ground.

Sounds and Vocal Behavior

Has diverse array of vocalizations, some harsh, some exceptionally melodic. In Middle America three main song types: breeding-season dawn song by male, varying individually, may be e.g. “peer peer p”yerk pewk peer”, or a series of musical, mostly trisyllabic phrases, e.g. “inter-vene, inter-vene...” and so on; day song, likely to be rough or burry and more repetitive (so far, reported mainly from Mexico to Belize); and whisper song mainly during day, may be given when carrying food, in territorial disputes and at other times. In South America dawn and day songs are quite variable from region to region, and may include only sweet, melodic phrases or, more often, a mixture of harsh and melodic phrases. Call notes in all areas are harsh “chat” or “chak” notes and other grating sounds, sometimes in chattering or rough series.

Breeding

Breeding reported May and Jun (less often as early as Feb) in Mexico, Apr–Jul in Belize, Mar in Guatemala and Feb–Jun in Costa Rica; Feb–Aug (also Oct) in Trinidad; in Brazil, Feb and Apr in Pará and Sept–Dec in Rio de Janeiro; at least Sept through Jan in Paraguay; occasionally two broods. Pair defends a breeding territory. Nest built almost entirely by female, a shallow cup-shaped structure of rootlets, plant fibres and twigs, usually markedly thin-walled (eggs often visible from outside), but one nest in Paraguay thick-walled, placed 1–4 m (infrequently to 7 m) above ground in fork of sapling, bush or vine inside forest, often near small stream. Clutch 2 or 3 eggs, rarely 1 or 4, white or bluish with cinnamon or yellow-brown spots, especially at large end, where form a wreath; incubation by female, period 13–14 days; chicks fed by both adults, females feeding more than males; adults may engage in distraction displays, feigning injury, to lead intruders away from nest; nestling period c. 10 days; young leave nest before able to fly, and hop about in thick foliage and bushes.

Not globally threatened (Least Concern). Widespread, and uncommon to locally fairly common. Occurs in a large number of parks and reserves throughout its large range, and its numerous populations, many of which are geographically isolated, face variety of environmental conditions. Deforestation extensive within the range of populations from Mexico S to NW Colombia and, while unprotected lowland forest remains in Guatemala, Belize and Nicaragua, the species appears to be largely confined to protected areas and parks in much of its area of distribution in Mexico, El Salvador, Costa Rica and Panama. Large Amazonian population widespread and is at little risk. Populations in E & SE Brazil appear to be largely confined to a string of parks and reserves; some in SE Brazil reported as surviving in remnant woodlots as small as 21 ha. Those in Andean foothills of Venezuela and NE Colombia have contracted with deforestation but remain viable in numerous areas, including shade coffee plantations. Status of populations in NE Venezuela uncertain, but deforestation is extensive and ongoing in this area, and likely that few birds persist away from the few protected areas, such as Cueva del Guácharo and Península de Paria National Parks.

Distribution of the Red-crowned Ant-Tanager - Range Map
Enlarge
  • Year-round
  • Migration
  • Breeding
  • Non-Breeding
Distribution of the Red-crowned Ant-Tanager

Recommended Citation

Hilty, S. (2020). Red-crowned Ant-Tanager (Habia rubica), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.rcatan1.01
Birds of the World

Partnerships

A global alliance of nature organizations working to document the natural history of all bird species at an unprecedented scale.